Autonomic Regulation Following Traumatic Brain Injury Shows Sex- and Age-Dependent Responsiveness to Multi-Modal Therapy

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently results in persistent autonomic dysregulation, often manifesting as sympathetic dominance and attenuated parasympathetic tone. These maladaptive shifts in autonomic balance are linked to impaired neurovascular coupling, heightened systemic inflammation, and hindered cognitive recovery. In this observational study, we evaluated the physiological effects of a multi-modal therapeutic protocol-comprising mild hyperbaric therapy (MHBT), photobiomodulation (PBM), and molecular hydrogen (MH) therapy-on autonomic nervous system (ANS) function in a clinically diverse TBI cohort.